Scenario-Based Life Cycle Assessment of Downstream Hazardous Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Impact Reduction
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Keywords:
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GWP, Hazardous, HTP, FAETP, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Abstract
The rapid growth of industry in Indonesia has led to an increase in Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3), including liquid waste with complex chemical characteristics that pose high environmental risks. Treatment facilities for B3 wastewater can generate significant impacts such as Global Warming Potential (GWP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), and Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential (FAETP). This study evaluates the implementation of treated water recycling using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with the CML-IA Baseline approach. The functional unit applied was 1 m3 of treated wastewater. Results show that under the baseline scenario, GWP reached 102.89 kg CO2 eq, HTP 62.92 kg 1,4 DB eq, and FAETP 10.11 kg 1,4-DB eq. Applying recycling scenarios of 30%; 50%; and 80% consistently reduced impacts across all categories. Each 10% increase in recycling volume reduced environmental burdens by approximately 10%. These findings highlight recycling as an effective and measurable strategy to reduce environmental impacts while supporting sustainable production and consumption principles.
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Anasstasia, T. T., T. A. Algary, and A. B. Perdana (2024). Potential Environmental Impacts of Solid Waste Management in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Comparative Study Using Life Cycle Assessment. The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research, 6(11); 255–272
Anasstasia, T. T., E. Lestianingrum, R. B. Cahyono, and M. M. Azis (2020). Life Cycle Assessment of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management: Case Study Area Around Cement Industry, Cirebon, Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 778. IOP Publishing, page 012146
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Asrifah, R. D., T. T. Anasstasia, and M. F. Aurilia (2021). Effect of Time and Voltage on Pollutant Remover in Gold Treatment Wastewater with Electrocoagulation Batch Reactor. Elkawnie, 7(1); 172
Aziz, R. and S. Nurunnissa (2022). Comparative Life Cycle Assessment for Improvement of Solid Waste Management System of Pariaman Coastal Tourism Area. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 6(2); 42–52
Bisinella, V., S. Schmidt, A. S. Varling, D. Laner, and T. H. Christensen (2024). Waste LCA and the Future. Waste Management, 174; 53–75
Budiastuti, P., M. Raharjo, and N. A. Y. Dewanti (2016). Analisis Pencemaran Logam Berat Timbal di Badan Sungai Babon Kecamatan Genuk Semarang. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (e-Journal), 4(5); 119–128 (in Indonesia)
Chowdhury, I. R., S. Chowdhury, M. A. J. Mazumder, et al. (2022). Removal of Lead Ions (Pb2+) from Water and Wastewater: A Review on Low-Cost Adsorbents. Applied Water Science, 12; 185
Edirisinghe, L. G. L. M., A. A. P. de Alwis, S. Prakash, M. Wijayasundara, and N. A. A. Hemali (2023). A Volume-Based Analysis Method to Determine the Economic Value of Mixed Industrial Waste. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 11; 100142
Heltina, D., R. D. Sinaga, Y. Setiawan, M. I. Fermi, and A. Amri (2024). Photodegradation of Liquid Waste Using ZnO/Graphene-Like Composites. Elkawnie, 10(1); 125
Hertika, A. M. S. and N. B. D. S. Putra (2019). Ekotoksikologi untuk Lingkungan Perairan. UB Press. (in Indonesia)
International Energy Agency (2022). Enhancing Indonesia’s Power System. Licence: CC BY 4.0
International Organization for Standardization (2015). Environmental Management Systems - Requirements with Guidance for Use
Kanugrahan, S. P., D. F. Hakam, and H. Nugraha (2022). Techno-Economic Analysis of Indonesia Power Generation Expansion to Achieve Economic Sustainability and Net Zero Carbon 2050. Sustainability, 14(15); 9038
Kristanto, J., R. Aryapratama, M. A. A. Ibrahim, T. T. Anasstasia, M. M. Azis, A. L. Kalza, E. Lestianingrum, and B. Hendranata (2024). Assessing Environmental Impacts of Utilizing Recycled Concrete Waste from the Technosphere: A Case Study of a Cement Industry in West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 26(5); 3248–3261
Lina, N. (2021). Toxic and Hazardous Waste (B3) Management at PT. PAL Indonesia (PERSERO). The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 16(3); 449–460
Mensah-Akutteh, H., R. Buamah, S. Wiafe, and K. B. Nyarko (2022). Optimizing Coagulation–Flocculation Processes with Aluminium Coagulation Using Response Surface Methods. Applied Water Science, 12(8); 188
Miwornunyuie, N., S. O. Alamu, G. Mao, N. Benani, J. Hunter, and G. Oguntimein (2025). Comparative Life Cycle and Techno-Economic Assessment of Constructed Wetland, Microbial Fuel Cell, and Their Integration for Wastewater Treatment. Clean Technologies, 7(3); 57
Oladimeji, T. E., M. Oyedemi, M. E. Emetere, O. Agboola, J. B. Adeoye, and O. A. Odunlami (2024). Review on the Impact of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Effluent and Removal Technologies. Heliyon, 10(23); e40370
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2017). Ensuring the Effective Implementation of Environmental Policies: Monitoring, Reporting and Enforcement
Pallavi and S. Kumari (2024). Eutrophication: Understanding and Mitigating Eutrophication in Pond Water. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 13(11); 21–25
Pamungkas, S. D. P., T. D. Belinda, and P. M. I. Ramadhan (2025). Transparansi Informasi Kebijakan Pengelolaan Limbah Industri Guna Mewujudkan Ekonomi Hijau Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045. Jurnal Pemerintahan dan Kebijakan (JPK), 6(2); 68–82
Pa?mionka, I. B., P. Herbut, G. Kaczor, K. Chmielowski, J. Gospodarek, E. Bolig?owa, M. Bik-Ma?odzi?ska, and F. M. C. Vieira (2022). Influence of COD in Toxic Industrial Wastewater from a Chemical Concern on Nitrification Efficiency. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21); 14124
Patel, K. and S. K. Singh (2022). A Life Cycle Approach to Environmental Assessment of Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes. Water and Environment Journal, 36(3); 412–424
Paulu, A., J. Bartá?ek, M. Šerešová, and V. Ko?í (2021). Combining Process Modelling and Life Cycle Assessment to Assess the Environmental Impacts of Wastewater Treatment Innovations. Water, 13(9); 1246
Pichtel, J. (2017). Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Raghuvanshi, S., V. Bhakar, C. Sowmya, and K. S. Sangwan (2017). Waste Water Treatment Plant Life Cycle Assessment: Treatment Process to Reuse of Water. Procedia CIRP, 61; 761–766
Román, Á. F. G. and G. Kabir (2024). Assessing Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Manufacturing Industries: A Systematic Review. Energies, 17(20); 5119
Sabet, H., S. S. Moghaddam, and M. Ehteshami (2023). A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Analysis of Innovative Methods Employing Cutting-Edge Technology to Improve Sludge Reduction Directly in Wastewater Handling Units. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 51; 103354
Sedaghat, O., N. Bahramifar, M. Nowrouzi, and H. Younesi (2025). Life Cycle Assessment of Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Electrocoagulation Technologies. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 71; 107257
Sherman, R. (2007). Chain Management Issues and Good Housekeeping Procedures to Minimise Food Processing Waste. In Handbook of Waste Management and Co-product Recovery in Food Processing. Elsevier, pages 39–58
Singh, B. J., A. Chakraborty, and R. Sehgal (2023). A Systematic Review of Industrial Wastewater Management: Evaluating Challenges and Enablers. Journal of Environmental Management, 348; 119230
Suprihatin, H., B. Suhartawan, Nururrahmah, Hafidawati, E. Yuniarti, W. B. Suyasa, I. Asnawi, and E. P. Toepak (2023). Pengelolaan Limbah Padat, Limbah Industry dan B3. Get Press Indonesia. (in Indonesia)
Thonemann, N. (2020). Environmental Impacts of CO2-Based Chemical Production: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Applied Energy, 263; 114599
United Nations Environment Programme (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2020). Guidelines for Environmental Performance Measurement and Reporting
Van Tran, H., H. A. Phan, and H. M. Bui (2025). Life Cycle Assessment of Industry Wastewater Treatment Plant: A Case Study in Vietnam. RSC Sustainability, 3(3); 1415–1423
Wikurendra, E. A., A. Csonka, I. Nagy, and G. Nurika (2024). Urbanization and Benefit of Integration Circular Economy into Waste Management in Indonesia: A Review. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 4; 1219–1248
Yurnalisdel (2022). Analysis of the Impact of Liquid Waste on Environmental Pollution. Formosa Journal of Sustainable Research (FJSR), 1(6); 1017–1028
Authors
Sopyasari, A., Anasstasia, T. T., & Novianty. (2026). Scenario-Based Life Cycle Assessment of Downstream Hazardous Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Impact Reduction. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 10(2), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2026.10.2.102-11
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