Sustainable Bioplastics from Sweet Corn Cob Waste: Influence of Zinc Oxide and Glycerol on Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability
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Keywords:
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Bioplastics, Corn Cob Waste, Zinc Oxide, Glycerol, Biodegradability
Abstract
The increasing environmental concerns associated with synthetic plastics have driven the search for biodegradable alternatives. This study investigates using sweet corn cob waste (Zea mays L. saccharata) for bioplastic production with varying concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) and glycerol as additives. The objective is to evaluate the influence of these additives on the mechanical properties, functional group composition, and biodegradability of the resulting bioplastics. The experimental procedures involved the delignification of corn cobs, bioplastic synthesis, and subsequent characterization through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), tensile strength and elongation tests, and biodegradability assessments. The results showed that increasing ZnO concentrations improved tensile strength, with the highest recorded at 9% ZnO and 25% glycerol. However, increased ZnO reduced elongation and biodegradability due to increased material stiffness. Conversely, higher glycerol concentrations enhanced flexibility and biodegradability but decreased tensile strength. The optimal formulation was identified at 3% ZnO and 35% glycerol, which provided a balanced combination of mechanical strength and biodegradability. This study demonstrates the potential of sweet corn cob waste as a sustainable raw material for bioplastics, contributing to environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics.
References
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Jamal, T., S. M. Sapuan, and K. Abdan (2021). Effect of Glycerol Plasticizer Loading on the Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Barrier Properties of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) Starch Biopolymers. Scientific Reports, 11
Jannah, N. R., N. Jamarun, and Y. E. Putri (2021). Production of Starch-Based Bioplastic From Durio zibethinus Murr Seed Using Glycerol as Plasticizer. Jurnal Riset Kimia, 12
Kandah, M. I. (2022). Production of Biodegradable Bioplastics Filled With Jordanian Olive Tree Leaves. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 45; 755–761
Kanwal, S., S. Munir, N. Chaudhry, and H. Sana (2019). Physicochemical Characterization of Thar Coal and Torrefied Corn Cob. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 37; 1286–1305
Kartini, I., M. Masuda, and B. Ishartono (2022). Incorporation of Urea Fertilizer and Activated Carbon in Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Bioplastics. Materials Science Forum, 1061; 75–80
Lee, C. L. Y. and W. S. Yeo (2021). A Basic Characterisation Study of Bioplastics via Gelatinization of Corn Starch. Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering, 8; 820–833
Marichelvam, M. K., M. Jawaid, and M. Asim (2019). Corn and Rice Starch-Based Bio-Plastics as Alternative Packaging Materials. Fibers, 7; 32
Maslahah, N. U., D. Alisaputra, and E. Sedyadi (2021). Biodégradation Bioplastic Based on Arrowroot Starch With Glycerol Plasticizer and ZnO Fillers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1788; 012007
Mehta, M., C. Chopra, S. Sistla, and I. Bhushan (2023). Potential of Biosynthesized Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Carissa opaca Extracts for Antimicrobial Activity and Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability, 15; 8911
Muharam, T., D. Fitriani, D. F. M. Jannah, M. Z. A. Ghifari, and R. P. Sihombing (2022). Karakteristik Daya Serap Air Dan Biodegradabilitas Pada Bioplastik Berbasis Pati Singkong Dengan Penambahan Polyvinyl Alcohol. Prosiding Snast, 8; D35–D49
Mukuze, S., M. Hillary, and F. L. Mkandawire (2019). Comparison of Fructose and Glycerol as Plasticizers in Cassava Bioplastic Production. Advanced Journal of Graduate Research, 6; 41–52
Nawab, A., F. Alam, M. A. Haq, and A. Hasnain (2016). Biodegradable Film From Mango Kernel Starch: Effect of Plasticizers on Physical, Barrier, and Mechanical Properties. Starch - Stärke, 68; 919–928
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Reddy, A. K. (2024). Co-Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis of CornCob Biomass and Waste Plastic: Comprehensive Study Based on Kinetic and Thermodynamic Approach. ChemistrySelect, 9(32); e202402177
Saputra, W., A. Hartiati, and B. A. Harsojuwono (2019). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Seng Oksida (ZnO) dan Penambahan Gliserol Terhadap Karakteristik Bioplastik Dari Pati Umbi Gadung (Dioscorea hispida Deenst). Jurnal Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroindustri, 7; 531
Sasria, N. (2024). Bioplastic Properties of Cassava Peel Starch (Manihot esculenta) Influenced by the Addition of Crab Shell Chitosan and Zinc Oxide (ZnO). Materials Science Forum, 1140; 75–84
Sidek, I. S., S. F. S. Draman, S. R. S. Abdullah, and N. Anuar (2019). Current Development on Bioplastics and Its Future Prospects: An Introductory Review. Inwascon Technology Magazine; 03–08
Song, T., J. Li, Q. Deng, and Y. Gao (2023). Preparation, Characterization, Photochromic Properties, and Mechanism of PMoA/ZnO/PVP Composite Film. Molecules, 28; 7605
Takribiah, F., H. Harunsyah, Z. Amalia, R. Fauzan, and M. Sami (2022). Pembuatan Bioplastik Dengan Penguat ZnO Dan Penambahan Minyak Atsiri Sebagai Anti Mikroba. Jurnal Teknologi, 22; 37
Titone, V., F. P. La Mantia, and L. Botta (2023). Recyclability of a Bio-Based Biocomposite Under Different Reprocessing Conditions. Journal of Materials Science, 58; 17459–17469
Wahyuningtiyas, N. E. and H. Suryanto (2017). Analysis of Biodegradation of Bioplastics Made of Cassava Starch. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology, 1; 24–31
Xiu, W., X. Wang, S. Yu, Z. Na, C. Li, M. Yang, and Y. Ma (2023). Structural Characterization, In Vitro Digestion Property, and Biological Activity of Sweet Corn Cob Polysaccharide Iron (III) Complexes. Molecules, 28; 2961
Yang, X., X. Li, L. Zhu, J. Liang, and J. Zhu (2023). Production of Hemicellulose Sugars Combined with the Alkaline Extraction Lignin Increased the Hydro-Depolymerization of Cellulose from Corn Cob. Sustainability, 15; 9041
Yu, W., L. Sun, M. Li, Y. Peng, C. Wei, W. Lei, R. Qiu, and Y. Ge (2023). Effect of Modification and Hydrothermal Ageing on Properties of 3D-Printed Wood Flour–Poly(Butylene Succinate)–Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites. Polymers, 15; 3697
Zhao, Z., R. Balu, S. Gangadoo, N. K. Duta, and N. R. Choudhury (2024). Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate)/Polylactic Acid/Tetrapod-Zinc Oxide Whisker Composite Films with Antibacterial Properties. Polymers, 16; 1039
Ahmed, N., S. C. Dey, N. Mustary, and M. Ashaduzzaman (2023). pH Regulated Lactose Inspired Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Insulin Sensing by LSPR Absorption. Heliyon, 9; e18153
Anugrahwati, M., M. D. P. Nasution, and F. I. Fajarwati (2022). Characteristic Comparison of Cornstarch-Based Bioplastics Using Kaolin, Microcrystalline Cellulose and Chitosan as Fillers. Jurnal Pijar MIPA, 17; 73–78
Awosusi, A. A., A. O. Ayeni, R. Adeleke, and M. O. Daramola (2017). Biocompositional and Thermodecompositional Analysis of South African Agro-Waste Corncob and Husk Towards Production of Biocommodities. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 12; 960–968
Badan Standarisasi Nasional (2016). Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI), The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - SNI ISO 527-4:2016. Indonesia
Barrera-Patiño, C. P., J. M. Soares, K. C. Branco, N. M. Inada, and V. S. Bagnato (2023). Spectroscopic Identification of Bacteria Resistance to Antibiotics by Means of Absorption of Specific Biochemical Groups and Special Machine Learning Algorithm. Antibiotics, 12; 1502
Barros, J., A. Romaní, G. Garrote, and B. Ordás (2014). Biomass, Sugar, and Bioethanol Potential of Sweet Corn. GCB Bioenergy, 7; 153–160
Basiak, E., A. Lenart, and F. Debeaufort (2018). How Glycerol and Water Contents Affect the Structural and Functional Properties of Starch-Based Edible Films. Polymers (Basel), 10; 412
Bilamjian, S., M. Bahadi, A. Ismail, C. Tremblay, and S. Bayen (2024). Development of a Method Based on ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy to Detect Maple Syrup Adulterated with Added Syrups. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 104; 1768–1776
Budiman, M. A. K., U. Uju, and K. Tarman (2022). A Review on the Difference of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bioplastic From Seaweed Hydrocolloids With Various Plasticizers. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 967. page 012012
Chong, T. Y., Y. S. Chan, M. Law, and J. K. U. Ling (2021). The Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Corn Cob Lignin-Containing Cellulose Nanofibril Reinforced Bioplastics
Damirson, A. C., L. A. T. Bañaga, D. M. M. D. Concha, D. C. Mariano, and C. L. S. Reyes (2023). The Garden Battle: A Comparative Study on the Tensile Properties Between Corn-Based and Cassava-Based Bioplastics
Dianursanti, G., M. Gozan, and C. Noviasari (2018). The Effect of Glycerol Addition as Plasticizer in Spirulina platensis Based Bioplastic. In E3S Web of Conferences, volume 67. page 03048
Domazetovska, S., V. Strezov, R. V. Filkoski, and T. Kan (2023). Exploring the Potential of Biomass Pyrolysis for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Production: A Comparative Study of Corn Cob, Vine Rod, and Sunflower. Sustainability, 15; 1–14
Farahnaky, A., B. Saberi, and M. Majzoobi (2013). Effect of Glycerol on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wheat Starch Edible Films. Journal of Texture Studies, 44; 176–186
Hasna, T., C. A. Lestari, W. D. R. Putri, and V. Fathuroya (2022). The Effect of ZnO (Zinc Oxide) and Glycerol Concentrations on the Mechanical Properties of Bioplastics Made From Canna Tuber (Canna edulis) Starch. Advances in Food Science Sustainable Agriculture and Agro-industrial Engineering, 5; 21–28
Hermansyah, H., R. Carissa, M. B. Faiz, and P. Deni (2014). Food Grade Bioplastic Based on Corn Starch With Banana Pseudostem Fibre/Bacterial Cellulose Hybrid Filler. Advanced Materials Research, 997; 158–168
Hidalgo, G. C. S. (2024). Enhanced Biological Nitrate Removal From Groundwater in Humid Tropical Regions Using Corn Cob-Based Permeable Reactive Barriers: A Case Study From Panama. Water (Basel), 16; 1668
Hidayat, S., A. Abdullah, R. F. Septiyanto, Y. R. Denny, and I. Affifah (2019). Perbandingan Sifat Mekanik Bioplastik Terhadap Penambahan Zinc Oxide (ZnO). Gravity: Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Dan Pembelajaran Fisika, 5
Inman, J. L., Y. Wu, L. Chen, E. Brydon, D. Ghosh, K. H. Wan, J. D. Chant, L. Obst-Huebl, K. Nakamura, C. Y. Ralston, S. E. Celniker, J.-H. Mao, P. H. Zwart, H.-Y. N. Holman, H. Chang, J. B. Brown, and A. M. Snijders (2024). Long-term, Non-invasive FTIR Detection of Low-dose Ionizing Radiation Exposure. Scientific Reports, 14; 6119
Islamiyah, H. S., M. A. Alamsjah, and D. Pujiastuti (2022). Application of Modified Starch in the Carragenan-Based Biodegradable Packaging From Eucheuma cottonii on Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1036. page 012072
Jamal, T., S. M. Sapuan, and K. Abdan (2021). Effect of Glycerol Plasticizer Loading on the Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Barrier Properties of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) Starch Biopolymers. Scientific Reports, 11
Jannah, N. R., N. Jamarun, and Y. E. Putri (2021). Production of Starch-Based Bioplastic From Durio zibethinus Murr Seed Using Glycerol as Plasticizer. Jurnal Riset Kimia, 12
Kandah, M. I. (2022). Production of Biodegradable Bioplastics Filled With Jordanian Olive Tree Leaves. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 45; 755–761
Kanwal, S., S. Munir, N. Chaudhry, and H. Sana (2019). Physicochemical Characterization of Thar Coal and Torrefied Corn Cob. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 37; 1286–1305
Kartini, I., M. Masuda, and B. Ishartono (2022). Incorporation of Urea Fertilizer and Activated Carbon in Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Bioplastics. Materials Science Forum, 1061; 75–80
Lee, C. L. Y. and W. S. Yeo (2021). A Basic Characterisation Study of Bioplastics via Gelatinization of Corn Starch. Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering, 8; 820–833
Marichelvam, M. K., M. Jawaid, and M. Asim (2019). Corn and Rice Starch-Based Bio-Plastics as Alternative Packaging Materials. Fibers, 7; 32
Maslahah, N. U., D. Alisaputra, and E. Sedyadi (2021). Biodégradation Bioplastic Based on Arrowroot Starch With Glycerol Plasticizer and ZnO Fillers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1788; 012007
Mehta, M., C. Chopra, S. Sistla, and I. Bhushan (2023). Potential of Biosynthesized Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Carissa opaca Extracts for Antimicrobial Activity and Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability, 15; 8911
Muharam, T., D. Fitriani, D. F. M. Jannah, M. Z. A. Ghifari, and R. P. Sihombing (2022). Karakteristik Daya Serap Air Dan Biodegradabilitas Pada Bioplastik Berbasis Pati Singkong Dengan Penambahan Polyvinyl Alcohol. Prosiding Snast, 8; D35–D49
Mukuze, S., M. Hillary, and F. L. Mkandawire (2019). Comparison of Fructose and Glycerol as Plasticizers in Cassava Bioplastic Production. Advanced Journal of Graduate Research, 6; 41–52
Nawab, A., F. Alam, M. A. Haq, and A. Hasnain (2016). Biodegradable Film From Mango Kernel Starch: Effect of Plasticizers on Physical, Barrier, and Mechanical Properties. Starch - Stärke, 68; 919–928
Nazree, A. A., N. Adrus, Z. A. Muis, H. Hashim, N. Baharulrazi, S. H. C. Man, M. N. H. Z. Alam, R. A. Majid, E. Johnson, A. R. Abdullah, B. R. Chuprat, F. Ali, and J. Jamaluddin (2021). Mechanical and Biodegradation Properties of Fresh and Rotten Jicama Starches Based Bioplastics. Environmental Quality Management, 32; 355–364
Padilla, E. R. D., G. T. Nakashima, A. L. S. Hansted, L. R. O. Santos, J. L. d. Barros, A. C. De Conti, and F. M. Yamaji (2019). Thermogravimetric and FTIR analyzes of corn cob pyrolysis. Química Nova, 42(5); 566–569
Reddy, A. K. (2024). Co-Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis of CornCob Biomass and Waste Plastic: Comprehensive Study Based on Kinetic and Thermodynamic Approach. ChemistrySelect, 9(32); e202402177
Saputra, W., A. Hartiati, and B. A. Harsojuwono (2019). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Seng Oksida (ZnO) dan Penambahan Gliserol Terhadap Karakteristik Bioplastik Dari Pati Umbi Gadung (Dioscorea hispida Deenst). Jurnal Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroindustri, 7; 531
Sasria, N. (2024). Bioplastic Properties of Cassava Peel Starch (Manihot esculenta) Influenced by the Addition of Crab Shell Chitosan and Zinc Oxide (ZnO). Materials Science Forum, 1140; 75–84
Sidek, I. S., S. F. S. Draman, S. R. S. Abdullah, and N. Anuar (2019). Current Development on Bioplastics and Its Future Prospects: An Introductory Review. Inwascon Technology Magazine; 03–08
Song, T., J. Li, Q. Deng, and Y. Gao (2023). Preparation, Characterization, Photochromic Properties, and Mechanism of PMoA/ZnO/PVP Composite Film. Molecules, 28; 7605
Takribiah, F., H. Harunsyah, Z. Amalia, R. Fauzan, and M. Sami (2022). Pembuatan Bioplastik Dengan Penguat ZnO Dan Penambahan Minyak Atsiri Sebagai Anti Mikroba. Jurnal Teknologi, 22; 37
Titone, V., F. P. La Mantia, and L. Botta (2023). Recyclability of a Bio-Based Biocomposite Under Different Reprocessing Conditions. Journal of Materials Science, 58; 17459–17469
Wahyuningtiyas, N. E. and H. Suryanto (2017). Analysis of Biodegradation of Bioplastics Made of Cassava Starch. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology, 1; 24–31
Xiu, W., X. Wang, S. Yu, Z. Na, C. Li, M. Yang, and Y. Ma (2023). Structural Characterization, In Vitro Digestion Property, and Biological Activity of Sweet Corn Cob Polysaccharide Iron (III) Complexes. Molecules, 28; 2961
Yang, X., X. Li, L. Zhu, J. Liang, and J. Zhu (2023). Production of Hemicellulose Sugars Combined with the Alkaline Extraction Lignin Increased the Hydro-Depolymerization of Cellulose from Corn Cob. Sustainability, 15; 9041
Yu, W., L. Sun, M. Li, Y. Peng, C. Wei, W. Lei, R. Qiu, and Y. Ge (2023). Effect of Modification and Hydrothermal Ageing on Properties of 3D-Printed Wood Flour–Poly(Butylene Succinate)–Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites. Polymers, 15; 3697
Zhao, Z., R. Balu, S. Gangadoo, N. K. Duta, and N. R. Choudhury (2024). Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate)/Polylactic Acid/Tetrapod-Zinc Oxide Whisker Composite Films with Antibacterial Properties. Polymers, 16; 1039
Authors
Nurhayati , I. ., Kurniawati , C. T. ., & Kholif, M. A. . (2025). Sustainable Bioplastics from Sweet Corn Cob Waste: Influence of Zinc Oxide and Glycerol on Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2025.9.1.1-11
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