Utilizing Areca catechu L. Fruit Peel-Derived Biochar and Hydrochar for Congo Red Adsorption: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis
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Keywords:
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Biochar, Hydrochar, Biomass, Kinetics Adsorption and Thermodynamic Adsorption
Abstract
This study explores the conversion of Areca fruit peel into carbon-based materials biochar (BC) and hydrochar (HC) for use as adsorbents in synthetic dye removal from wastewater. Conversion was achieved through pyrolysis for BC and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) for HC. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed carbon formation, with both HC and BC showing an amorphous characteristics. FTIR analysis identified hydroxyl, carboxyl, acid, and ester functional groups in BC, HC and Areca fruit peel materials that are essential for adsorption. BET surface area measurements showed 82.584 m2/g for BC and 77.618 m2/g for HC. Adsorption experiments demonstrated CR removal capacities of 40.515 mg/g for HC and 40.616 mg/g for BC, significantly surpassing the 23.168 mg/g capacity of untreated Areca fruit peel. Over three regeneration cycles, both BC and HC retained structural integrity, highlighting their potential as reusable adsorbents for dye removal. These results suggest that Areca fruit peel-derived BC and HC are promising, sustainable adsorbents for wastewater treatment, particularly in mitigating environmental impacts from industrial dyes.
References
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Chausali, N., J. Saxena, and R. Prasad (2021). Nanobiochar and Biochar Based Nanocomposites: Advances and Applications. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 5; 100191.
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Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, M., P. S. Athira, N. Jayan, D. Barik, and M. S. Dennison (2023). Preparation of Breadfruit Leaf Biochar for the Application of Congo Red Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution and Optimization of Factors by RSM-BBD. Adsorption Science & Technology, 2023; 7369027.
Li, Y., A. Meas, S. Shan, R. Yang, and X. Gai (2016). Production and Optimization of Bamboo Hydrochars for Adsorption of Congo Red and 2-Naphthol. Bioresource Technology, 207; 379–386.
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Mumme, J., L. Eckervogt, J. Pielert, M. Diakité, F. Rupp, and J. Kern (2011). Hydrothermal Carbonization of Anaerobically Digested Maize Silage. Bioresource Technology, 102(19); 9255–9260.
Normah, N., Juleanti, P. M. S. B. N. Siregar, A. Wijaya, N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, and A. Lesbani (2021). Size Selectivity of Anionic and Cationic Dyes Using LDH Modified Adsorbent with Low-Cost Rambutan Peel to Hydrochar. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 16(4); 869–880.
Palapa, N. R., N. Ahmad, H. P. Utami, Z. A. Zahara, R. Mohadi, and A. Lesbani (2023). Adsorption of Phenol Using Hydrochar Modified Layered Double Hydroxide – Kinetic, Isotherm, and Regeneration Studies. Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 24(5); 275–281.
Palapa, N. R., T. Taher, N. Juleanti, Normah, and A. Lesbani (2021a). Biochar from Rice Husk as Efficient Biosorbent for Procion Red Removal from Aqueous Systems. Applied Environmental Research, 43(3); 79–91.
Palapa, N. R., T. Taher, A. Wijaya, and A. Lesbani (2021b). Modification of Cu/Cr Layered Double Hydroxide by Keggin Type Polyoxometalate as Adsorbent of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6(3); 209–217.
Pandey, D., A. Daverey, K. Dutta, and K. Arunachalam (2022). Enhanced Adsorption of Congo Red Dye onto Polyethyleneimine-Impregnated Biochar Derived from Pine Needles. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(12); 880.
Pauletto, P. S., J. Moreno-Pérez, L. E. Hernández-Hernández, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, G. L. Dotto, and N. P. G. Salau (2021). Novel Biochar and Hydrochar for the Adsorption of 2-Nitrophenol from Aqueous Solutions: An Approach Using the PVSDM Model. Chemosphere, 269; 128748.
Peng, W., Y. Liu, N. Wu, T. Sun, X.-Y. He, Y.-X. Gao, and C.-J. Wu (2015). Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae): A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 164; 340–356.
Samaraweera, V., S. Gunasekara, R. Nandasiri, A. Kumara, D. Harischandra, K. Tennakoon, and N. Abidi (2023). Facile Preparation of Biochar Supported Nano-ZnO Photocatalyst for Efficient Adsorption and Degradation of Methylene Blue in Water. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 20; 100792.
Senthil Amudhan, M., H. Begum, and K. B. Hebbar (2012). A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Areca catechu L. Seed. IJPSR, 3(11); 4151–4157.
Sharma, P. K., R. Kumar, R. K. Singh, P. Sharma, and A. Ghosh (2022). Review on Arsenic Removal Using Biochar-Based Materials. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 17; 100740.
Srivatsav, P., B. S. Bhargav, V. Shanmugasundaram, J. Arun, K. P. Gopinath, and A. Bhatnagar (2020). Biochar As an Eco-Friendly and Economical Adsorbent for the Removal of Colorants (Dyes) from Aqueous Environment: A Review. Water, 12(12); 3561.
Swan, N. B. and M. A. A. Zaini (2019). Adsorption of Malachite Green and Congo Red Dyes from Water: Recent Progress and Future Outlook. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 26(1); 119–132.
Tabassum, M., M. Bardhan, T. M. Novera, M. A. Islam, A. Hadi Jawad, and M. A. Islam (2020). NaOH-Activated Betel Nut Husk Hydrochar for Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231(8); 398.
Wijaya, A., P. M. S. B. N. Siregar, A. Priambodo, N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, and A. Lesbani (2021). Innovative Modified of Cu-Al/C (C= Biochar, Graphite) Composites for Removal of Procion Red from Aqueous Solution. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6(4); 228–234.
Arnata, I. W., S. Suprihatin, F. Fahma, N. Richana, and T. C. Sunarti (2019). Adsorption of Anionic Congo Red Dye by Using Cellulose From Sago Frond. Pollution Research, 38(3); 43–53.
Bardalai, M. and D. Mahanta (2018). Characterisation of Biochar Produced by Pyrolysis from Areca catechu Dust. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(1); 2089–2097.
Bolbol, H., M. Fekri, and M. Hejazi-Mehrizi (2019). Layered Double Hydroxide–Loaded Biochar as a Sorbent for the Removal of Aquatic Phosphorus: Behavior and Mechanism Insights. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12(16); 503.
Chao, F.-L., T.-H. Yang, and J.-Y. Wu (2020). New Uses for Areca catechu Tree. International Wood Products Journal, 11(2); 94–100.
Chausali, N., J. Saxena, and R. Prasad (2021). Nanobiochar and Biochar Based Nanocomposites: Advances and Applications. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 5; 100191.
Faheem, J. Du, J. Bao, M. Hassan, S. Irshad, and M. Talib (2019). Multi-Functional Biochar Novel Surface Chemistry for Efficient Capture of Anionic Congo Red Dye: Behavior and Mechanism. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 44(12); 10127–10139.
Gamboa, D., M. Abatal, E. Lima, F. Franseschi, C. Ucán, R. Tariq, M. Elías, and J. Vargas (2024). Sorption Behavior of Azo Dye Congo Red onto Activated Biochar from Haematoxylum campechianum Waste: Gradient Boosting Machine Learning-Assisted Bayesian Optimization for Improved Adsorption Process. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(9); 4771.
Hammud, H. H., M. H. Hammoud, A. A. Hussein, Y. B. Fawaz, M. H. S. Abdul Hamid, and N. S. Sheikh (2023). Removal of Malachite Green Using Hydrochar From Palm Leaves. Sustainability, 15(11); 8939.
Harja, M., G. Buema, and D. Bucur (2022). Recent Advances in Removal of Congo Red Dye by Adsorption Using an Industrial Waste. Scientific Reports, 12(1); 6087.
Hasanah, M., A. Wijaya, F. Arsyad, R. Mohadi, and A. Lesbani (2022). Preparation of Hydrochar from Salacca zalacca Peels by Hydrothermal Carbonization: Study of Adsorption on Congo Red Dyes and Regeneration Ability. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(3); 372–378.
Hua, Z., Y. Pan, and Q. Hong (2023). Adsorption of Congo Red Dye in Water by Orange Peel Biochar Modified with CTAB. RSC Advances, 13(10); 6617–6626.
Iqbal, J., N. S. Shah, M. Sayed, N. K. Niazi, M. Imran, J. A. Khan, Z. U. H. Khan, A. G. S. Hussien, K. Polychronopoulou, and F. Howari (2021). Nano-Zerovalent Manganese/Biochar Composite for the Adsorptive and Oxidative Removal of Congo-Red Dye from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 403; 123854.
Khan, A. A., S. R. Naqvi, I. Ali, W. Farooq, M. W. Anjum, H. AlMohamadi, S. S. Lam, M. Verma, H. S. Ng, and R. K. Liew (2023). Algal Biochar: A Natural Solution for the Removal of Congo Red Dye from Textile Wastewater. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers; 105312.
Kumar, A., K. Saini, and T. Bhaskar (2020). Hydrochar and Biochar: Production, Physicochemical Properties and Techno-Economic Analysis, volume 310.
Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, M., P. S. Athira, N. Jayan, D. Barik, and M. S. Dennison (2023). Preparation of Breadfruit Leaf Biochar for the Application of Congo Red Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution and Optimization of Factors by RSM-BBD. Adsorption Science & Technology, 2023; 7369027.
Li, Y., A. Meas, S. Shan, R. Yang, and X. Gai (2016). Production and Optimization of Bamboo Hydrochars for Adsorption of Congo Red and 2-Naphthol. Bioresource Technology, 207; 379–386.
Mathew Tharayil, J. and P. Chinnaiyan (2023). Sustainable Waste Valorisation: Novel Areca catechu L. Husk Biochar for Anthraquinone Dye Adsorption - Characterization, Modelling, Kinetics, and Isotherm Studies. Results in Engineering, 20; 101624.
Mumme, J., L. Eckervogt, J. Pielert, M. Diakité, F. Rupp, and J. Kern (2011). Hydrothermal Carbonization of Anaerobically Digested Maize Silage. Bioresource Technology, 102(19); 9255–9260.
Normah, N., Juleanti, P. M. S. B. N. Siregar, A. Wijaya, N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, and A. Lesbani (2021). Size Selectivity of Anionic and Cationic Dyes Using LDH Modified Adsorbent with Low-Cost Rambutan Peel to Hydrochar. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 16(4); 869–880.
Palapa, N. R., N. Ahmad, H. P. Utami, Z. A. Zahara, R. Mohadi, and A. Lesbani (2023). Adsorption of Phenol Using Hydrochar Modified Layered Double Hydroxide – Kinetic, Isotherm, and Regeneration Studies. Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 24(5); 275–281.
Palapa, N. R., T. Taher, N. Juleanti, Normah, and A. Lesbani (2021a). Biochar from Rice Husk as Efficient Biosorbent for Procion Red Removal from Aqueous Systems. Applied Environmental Research, 43(3); 79–91.
Palapa, N. R., T. Taher, A. Wijaya, and A. Lesbani (2021b). Modification of Cu/Cr Layered Double Hydroxide by Keggin Type Polyoxometalate as Adsorbent of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6(3); 209–217.
Pandey, D., A. Daverey, K. Dutta, and K. Arunachalam (2022). Enhanced Adsorption of Congo Red Dye onto Polyethyleneimine-Impregnated Biochar Derived from Pine Needles. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(12); 880.
Pauletto, P. S., J. Moreno-Pérez, L. E. Hernández-Hernández, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, G. L. Dotto, and N. P. G. Salau (2021). Novel Biochar and Hydrochar for the Adsorption of 2-Nitrophenol from Aqueous Solutions: An Approach Using the PVSDM Model. Chemosphere, 269; 128748.
Peng, W., Y. Liu, N. Wu, T. Sun, X.-Y. He, Y.-X. Gao, and C.-J. Wu (2015). Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae): A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 164; 340–356.
Samaraweera, V., S. Gunasekara, R. Nandasiri, A. Kumara, D. Harischandra, K. Tennakoon, and N. Abidi (2023). Facile Preparation of Biochar Supported Nano-ZnO Photocatalyst for Efficient Adsorption and Degradation of Methylene Blue in Water. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 20; 100792.
Senthil Amudhan, M., H. Begum, and K. B. Hebbar (2012). A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Areca catechu L. Seed. IJPSR, 3(11); 4151–4157.
Sharma, P. K., R. Kumar, R. K. Singh, P. Sharma, and A. Ghosh (2022). Review on Arsenic Removal Using Biochar-Based Materials. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 17; 100740.
Srivatsav, P., B. S. Bhargav, V. Shanmugasundaram, J. Arun, K. P. Gopinath, and A. Bhatnagar (2020). Biochar As an Eco-Friendly and Economical Adsorbent for the Removal of Colorants (Dyes) from Aqueous Environment: A Review. Water, 12(12); 3561.
Swan, N. B. and M. A. A. Zaini (2019). Adsorption of Malachite Green and Congo Red Dyes from Water: Recent Progress and Future Outlook. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 26(1); 119–132.
Tabassum, M., M. Bardhan, T. M. Novera, M. A. Islam, A. Hadi Jawad, and M. A. Islam (2020). NaOH-Activated Betel Nut Husk Hydrochar for Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231(8); 398.
Wijaya, A., P. M. S. B. N. Siregar, A. Priambodo, N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, and A. Lesbani (2021). Innovative Modified of Cu-Al/C (C= Biochar, Graphite) Composites for Removal of Procion Red from Aqueous Solution. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6(4); 228–234.
Authors
Adawiyah, R., Yuliasari, N., Hanifah, Y., Alawiyah, . K., & Rahayu Palapa, N. (2024). Utilizing Areca catechu L. Fruit Peel-Derived Biochar and Hydrochar for Congo Red Adsorption: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 8(4), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2024.8.4.135-144
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