Assessment of Toxicological Effects of Triclosan on Microbes, Plants, and Genetic Material in Cells
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Keywords:
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Triclosan, Microbial Toxicity, Phytotoxicity, Cytogenotoxicity
Abstract
Triclosan is an antiseptic ingredient that is commonly found in numerous personal care items that may end up in the environment. Their ecotoxicological profile, however, is still unknown. The current research aims to determine the toxicity of triclosan on E. coli, Vigna radiata and Crotalaria juncea seeds, and Allium cepa roots. The analyses include toxicity assays for microbes, phytotoxicity, and cytogenotoxicity. The results proposed if the triclosan tested (60-150 µM) became exceedingly harmful to the test bacterium, as seen by the decrease in E. coli CFU, indicated that triclosan had antibacterial properties and inhibited the test microbe, depending on the concentration of triclosan used. Triclosan at concentrations of 40 and 80 µM, respectively, decreased the sprouting length of Vigna radiata and Crotalaria juncea by 45-50% and 70-72%, respectively. Thus, the cytogenotoxicity assay using Allium cepa revealed that triclosan damages the meristematic cells. Triclosan at 40 µM concentration resulted in a 1.2% aberration index and a 10.4% mitotic index, and 80 µM caused a 1.4% aberration index and an 8.8% mitotic index. All of the findings point to triclosan being potentially hazardous to the biota.
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Sui, Q., W. Gebhardt, H. F. Schroder, W. Zhao, S. Lu, and G. Yu (2017). Identification of New Oxidation Products of Bezafibrate for Better Understanding of its Toxicity Evolution and Oxidation Mechanisms during Ozonation. Environmental Science and Technology, 51(4); 2262–2270
Tadashi, T., F. Tetsuya, M. Noritaka, I. Daisuke, S. Kazunari, M. Kazuhiro, K. Shintaro, and I. Michihiko (2011). Accelerated Biodegradation of Pyrene and Benzo [a] Pyrene in the Phragmites Australis Rhizosphere by Bacteriaeroot Exudate Interactions. Water Research, 45(20); 1629–1638
Wen, Q., J.-X. Chen, Y.-L. Tang, J. Wang, and Z. Yang (2015). Assessing the Toxicity and Biodegradability of Deep Eutectic Solvents. Chemosphere, 132; 63–69
Ying, G. G., X. Y. Yu, and R. S. Kookana (2007). Biological Degradation of Triclocarban and Triclosan in a Soil under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions and Comparison with Environmental Fate Modelling. Environmental Pollution, 150(3); 300–305
Baalbaki, Z. (2017). Measuring and Predicting the Fate of Contaminants of Emerging Concern during Wastewater Treatment. McGill University (Canada)
Balakrishnan, P. and S. Mohan (2021). Treatment of Triclosan through Enhanced Microbial Biodegradation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 420; 126430
Barman, J., A. Tirkey, S. Batra, A. A. Paul, K. Panda, R. Deka, and P. J. Babu (2022). The Role of Nanotechnology based Wearable Electronic Textiles in Biomedical and Healthcare Applications. Materials Today Communications, 32; 104055
Butler, E., M. Whelan, K. Ritz, R. Sakrabani, and R. Van Egmond (2012). The Effect of Triclosan on Microbial Community Structure in Three Soils. Chemosphere, 89(1); 1–9
Chen, X., L. Mou, J. Qu, L. Wu, and C. Liu (2023). Adverse Effects of Triclosan Exposure on Health and Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Science of The Total Environment, 879; 163068
Dann, A. B. and A. Hontela (2011). Triclosan: Environmental Exposure, Toxicity and Mechanisms of Action. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 31(4); 285–311
Fu, Q., X. Wu, Q. Ye, F. Ernst, and J. Gan (2016). Biosolids Inhibit Bioavailability and Plant Uptake of Triclosan and Triclocarban. Water Research, 102; 117–124
Fuchsman, P., J. Lyndall, M. Bock, D. Lauren, T. Barber, K. Leigh, E. Perruchon, and M. Capdevielle (2010). Terrestrial Ecological Risk Evaluation for Triclosan in Land-applied Biosolids. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 6(3); 405–418
Griffin, S. G., J. L. Markham, and D. N. Leach (2000). An Agar Dilution Method for the Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Essential Oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(2); 249–255
Heidler, J. and R. U. Halden (2007). Mass Balance Assessment of Triclosan Removal during Conventional Sewage Treatment. Chemosphere, 66(2); 362–369
Kookana, R., G.-G. Ying, and N. Waller (2011). Triclosan: its Occurrence, Fate and Effects in the Australian Environment. Water Science and Technology, 63(4); 598–604
Kowalska-Krochmal, B. and R. Dudek-Wicher (2021). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antibiotics: Methods, Interpretation, Clinical Relevance. Pathogens, 10(2); 165
Li, L. (2021). Toxicity Evaluation and by-products Identification of Triclosan Ozonation and Chlorination. Chemosphere, 263; 128223
Lu, H., H. Ma, and G. Tao (2009). Spectrophotometric Determination of Triclosan in Personal Care Products. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 73(5); 854–857
Nakagawa, S., A. Hayashi, Y. Nukada, and M. Yamane (2022). Comparison of Toxicological Affects and Exposure Levels between Triclosan and its Structurally Similar Chemicals using in Vitro Tests for Read-across Case Study. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 132; 105181
Oliveira, R., I. Domingues, C. Koppe Grisolia, and A. M. Soares (2009). Effects of Triclosan on Zebrafish Early-life Stages and Adults. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16; 679–688
Paul, K. B., J. M. Hedge, M. J. DeVito, and K. M. Crofton (2010). Short-term Exposure to Triclosan Decreases Thyroxine in Vivo via Upregulation of Hepatic Catabolism in Young Long-Evans Rats. Toxicological Sciences, 113(2); 367–379
Petkovic, M., J. L. Ferguson, H. N. Gunaratne, R. Ferreira, M. C. Leitao, K. R. Seddon, L. P. N. Rebelo, and C. S. Pereira (2010). Novel Biocompatible Choliniumbased Ionic Liquids—toxicity and Biodegradability. Green Chemistry, 12(4); 643–649
Prasad, A. A., V. Satyanarayana, and K. B. Rao (2013). Biotransformation of Direct Blue 1 by a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Marinobacter sp. Strain HBRA and Toxicity Assessment of Degraded Metabolites. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 262; 674–684
Pullagurala, V. L. R., S. Rawat, I. O. Adisa, J. A. Hernandez-Viezcas, J. R. Peralta-Videa, and J. L. Gardea-Torresdey (2018). Plant Uptake and Translocation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Soil. Science of the Total Environment, 636; 1585–1596
Raj, A., S. Kumar, I. Haq, and S. K. Singh (2014). Bioremediation and Toxicity Reduction in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent by Newly Isolated Ligninolytic Paenibacillus sp. Ecological Engineering, 71; 355–362
Sipahutar, M. K. and A. S. Vangnai (2017). Role of Plant Growth-promoting Ochrobactrum sp. MC22 on Triclo carban Degradation and Toxicity Mitigation to Legume Plants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 329; 38–48
Sui, Q., W. Gebhardt, H. F. Schroder, W. Zhao, S. Lu, and G. Yu (2017). Identification of New Oxidation Products of Bezafibrate for Better Understanding of its Toxicity Evolution and Oxidation Mechanisms during Ozonation. Environmental Science and Technology, 51(4); 2262–2270
Tadashi, T., F. Tetsuya, M. Noritaka, I. Daisuke, S. Kazunari, M. Kazuhiro, K. Shintaro, and I. Michihiko (2011). Accelerated Biodegradation of Pyrene and Benzo [a] Pyrene in the Phragmites Australis Rhizosphere by Bacteriaeroot Exudate Interactions. Water Research, 45(20); 1629–1638
Wen, Q., J.-X. Chen, Y.-L. Tang, J. Wang, and Z. Yang (2015). Assessing the Toxicity and Biodegradability of Deep Eutectic Solvents. Chemosphere, 132; 63–69
Ying, G. G., X. Y. Yu, and R. S. Kookana (2007). Biological Degradation of Triclocarban and Triclosan in a Soil under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions and Comparison with Environmental Fate Modelling. Environmental Pollution, 150(3); 300–305
Authors
Sipahutar, M. K. (2023). Assessment of Toxicological Effects of Triclosan on Microbes, Plants, and Genetic Material in Cells. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 7(2), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2023.7.2.56-61
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