The Advantages and Disadvantages of Livestock Manure and its Biochar as a Solid Fuel and Soil Amendment
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Keywords:
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Manure, Biochar, Solid Fuel, Soil Amendment
Abstract
The aim of this study is to elucidate some of the basic characteristics of manure and its biochar and to explore its potential as a solid fuel and soil amendment. Cow, pig, chicken, and duck manure were selected and collected in the farmer’s pen. Furthermore, composite sampling was applied to obtain a representative sample of each manure. Each of them was dried in the sun for four to seven days, and each sample was divided into two parts. The first part was not further processed, while the rest were carbonized. Carbonization was carried out within a temperature range of 300 to 400?C and 4 h residence time. C-organic, N-total, available P and K, CEC, volatile matters, fixed carbon, ash content, Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S) content), higher heating value, and the chemical composition of their ash in both original and carbonized manure were identified. In addition, the nutritional content was relatively comparable and the H/C and O/C ratio in biochar were lower than in its original state. Both the original and carbonized manure indicated low calorific value, while the ash content and fouling index were high. The results showed that livestock manure in both forms has more potential as a soil amendment than solid fuel.
References
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Pituello, C., O. Francioso, G. Simonetti, A. Pisi, A. Torreggiani, A. Berti, and F. Morari (2015). Characterization of Chemical–Physical, Structural and Morphological Properties of Biochars from Biowastes Produced at Different Temperatures. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 15(4); 792–804
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Spokas, K. A. and D. C. Reicosky (2009). Impacts of Sixteen Different Biochars on Soil Greenhouse Gas Production. Annals of Environmental Science
Steiner, C., K. Das, N. Melear, and D. Lakly (2010). Reducing Nitrogen Loss During Poultry Litter Composting Using Biochar. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(4); 1236–1242
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Willson, T. C., E. A. Paul, and R. R. Harwood (2001). Biologically Active Soil Organic Matter Fractions in Sustainable Cropping Systems. Applied Soil Ecology, 16(1); 63–76
Winter, J., R. Hilpert, and H. Schmitz (1992). Treatment of Animal Manure and Wastes for Ultimate Disposal-Review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 5(2); 199–215
Xie, T., B. Y. Sadasivam, K. R. Reddy, C. Wang, and K. Spokas (2016). Review of the Effects of Biochar Amendment on Soil Properties and Carbon Sequestration. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 20(1); 04015013
Yan, X., J. Zheng, Y. Han, J. Liu, and J. Sun (2017). Effect of Influent C/N Ratio on N2O Emissions from Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic Biological Nitrogen Removal Processes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(30); 23714–23724
Yao, X., K. Xu, F. Yan, and Y. Liang (2017). The Influence of Ashing Temperature on Ash Fouling and Slagging Characteristics During Combustion of Biomass Fuels. BioResources, 12(1); 1593-1610
Zhao, L., X. Cao, O. Ma?sek, and A. Zimmerman (2013). Heterogeneity of Biochar Properties as a Function of Feedstock Sources and Production Temperatures. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 256; 1–9
Baggs, E., R. M. Rees, K. Smith, and A. Vinten (2000). Nitrous Oxide Emission from Soils After Incorporating Crop Residues. Soil Use and Management, 16(2); 82–87
Barker, J., S. Hodges, and F. Walls (2002). Livestock Manure Production Rates and Nutrient Content. North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
Brassard, P., S. Godbout, J. H. Palacios, P. Dub´e, and V. Raghavan (2017). Effect of Six Engineered Biochars on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Loamy Sand and a Silt Loam. In The Canadian Society for Bioengineering. Elsevier, pages 1–15
Brewer, C. E., K. Schmidt-Rohr, J. A. Satrio, and R. C. Brown (2009). Characterization of Biochar from Fast Pyrolysis and Gasification Systems. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy: An Official Publication of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 28(3); 386–396
Brown, R. (2012). Biochar Production Technology. In Biochar for Environmental Management. Routledge, pages 159–178
Chan, K. Y., L. Van Zwieten, I. Meszaros, A. Downie, and S. Joseph (2007). Agronomic Values of Greenwaste Biochar as a Soil Amendment. Soil Research, 45(8); 629–634
Chan, K. Y. and Z. Xu (2012). Biochar: Nutrient Properties and their Enhancement. In Biochar for Environmental Management. Routledge, pages 99–116
Cheng, C. H., J. Lehmann, and M. H. Engelhard (2008). Natural Oxidation of Black Carbon in Soils: Changes in Molecular form and Surface Charge Along a Climosequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72(6); 1598–1610
Clough, T. J., L. M. Condron, C. Kammann, and C. Muller (2013). A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics. Agronomy, 3(2); 275–293
De Neve, S., S. G. S´aez, B. C. Daguilar, S. Sleutel, and G. Hofman (2004). Manipulating N Mineralization from High N Crop Residues Using On-and Off-Farm Organic Materials. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 36(1); 127–134
Deenik, J. L., A. McClellan, and G. Uehara (2009). Biochar Volatile Matter Content Effects on Plant Growth and Nitrogen Transformations in a Tropical Soil. In Western Nutrient Management Conference, volume 8. pages 26–31
Domingues, R. R., P. F. Trugilho, C. A. Silva, I. C. N. d. Melo, L. C. Melo, Z. M. Magriotis, and M. A. Sanchez Monedero (2017). Properties of Biochar Derived from Wood and High-Nutrient Biomasses with the Aim of Agronomic and Environmental Benefits. PloS One, 12(5); e0176884
Dume, B., G. Berecha, and S. Tulu (2015). Characterization of Biochar Produced at Different Temperatures and its Effect on Acidic Nitosol of Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Soil Science, 10(2); 63
Enders, A., K. Hanley, T. Whitman, S. Joseph, and J. Lehmann (2012). Characterization of Biochars to Evaluate Recalcitrance and Agronomic Performance. Biore-source Technology, 114; 644–653
Gerber, P., T. Wassennar, M. Rosales, V. Castel, and H. Steinfield (2007). Environmental Impacts of a Changing Livestock Production: Overview and Discussion for a Comparative Assessment with Other Food Production Sectors. Comparative Assessment of the Environment Costs of Aquaculture and Other Food Production Sectors: Methods of Meaningful Comparisons. Rome. FAO Fisheries Proceedings, (10); 37–54
Gunamantha, I. and G. Widana (2018). Characterization the Potential of Biochar from Cow and Pig Manure for Geoecology Application. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 131. IOP Publishing, page 012055
Gusmailina, S. K. and G. Pari (2019). Membangun Kesuburan Lahan dengan Arang. IPB Press: Bogor (in Indonesia)
Henriksen, T. and T. Breland (1999). Nitrogen Availability Effects on Carbon Mineralization, Fungal and Bacterial Growth, and Enzyme Activities During Decomposition of Wheat Straw in Soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31(8); 1121–1134
Jassal, R. S., M. S. Johnson, M. Molodovskaya, T. A. Black, A. Jollymore, and K. Sveinson (2015). Nitrogen Enrichment Potential of Biochar in Relation to Pyrolysis Temperature and Feedstock Quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 152; 140–144
Jindo, K., H. Mizumoto, Y. Sawada, M. A. Sanchez Monedero, and T. Sonoki (2014). Physical and Chemical Characterization of Biochars Derived from Different Agricultural Residues. Biogeosciences, 11(23); 6613–6621
Joseph, S., C. Peacocke, J. Lehmann, and P. Munroe (2009). Developing a Biochar Classification and Test Methods. Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, 1; 107-126
Laird, D., P. Fleming, B. Wang, R. Horton, and D. Karlen (2010). Biochar Impact on Nutrient Leaching from a Midwestern Agricultural Soil. Geoderma, 158(3-4); 436–442
Lee, J. W., B. Hawkins, M. K. Kidder, B. R. Evans, A. Buchanan, and D. Day (2016). Characterization of Biochars Produced from Peanut Hulls and Pine Wood with Different Pyrolysis Conditions. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 3(1); 1–10
Liang, B., J. Lehmann, D. Solomon, J. Kinyangi, J. Grossman, B. O’Neill, J. O. Skjemstad, J. Thies, F. J. Luiz˜ao, and J. Petersen (2006). Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(5); 1719–1730
Montecillo, L. C. (1983). Total Clay and Organic Matter in Relation to Soil Cation Exchange Capacity. Philipp. J. Crop Sci, 8(1); 41–44
Niu, Y., Y. Zhu, H. Tan, S. Hui, Z. Jing, and W. Xu (2014). Investigations on Biomass Slagging in Utility Boiler: Criterion Numbers and Slagging Growth Mechanisms. Fuel Processing Technology, 128; 499–508
Novak, J. M., I. Lima, B. Xing, J. W. Gaskin, C. Steiner, K. Das, M. Ahmedna, D. Rehrah, D. W. Watts, and W. J. Busscher (2009). Characterization of Designer Biochar Produced at Different Temperatures and their Effects on a Loamy Sand. Annals of Environmental Science, 3(2); 195–206
Oram, N. J., T. F. van de Voorde, G.-J. Ouwehand, T. M. Bezemer, L. Mommer, S. Jeffery, and J. W. Van Groenigen (2014). Soil Amendment with Biochar Increases the Competitive Ability of Legumes Via Increased Potassium Availability. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 191; 92–98
Pereira, B. L. C., A. d. C. O. Carneiro, A. M. M. L. Carvalho, J. L. Colodette, A. C. Oliveira, and M. P. F. Fontes (2013). Influence of Chemical Composition of Eucalyptus wood on Gravimetric Yield and Charcoal Properties. BioResources, 8(3); 4574–4592
Pintana, P., N. Tippayawong, A. Nuntaphun, and P. Thongchiew (2014). Characterization of Slag from Combustion of Pulverized Lignite with High Calcium Content in Utility Boiler. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 32(3); 471–482
Pituello, C., O. Francioso, G. Simonetti, A. Pisi, A. Torreggiani, A. Berti, and F. Morari (2015). Characterization of Chemical–Physical, Structural and Morphological Properties of Biochars from Biowastes Produced at Different Temperatures. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 15(4); 792–804
Rondon, M. A., J. Lehmann, J. Ram´?rez, and M. Hurtado (2007). Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Increases with Bio-char Additions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 43(6); 699–708
Rosillo-Calle, F. (2016). A Review of Biomass Energy–Shortcomings and Concerns. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 91(7); 1933–1945
Schumacher, B. A. (2002). Methods for the Determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in Soils and Sediments. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development
Singh, B. P., B. J. Hatton, B. Singh, A. L. Cowie, and A. Kathuria (2010). Influence of Biochars on Nitrous Oxide Emission and Nitrogen Leaching from Two Contrasting Soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(4); 1224–1235
Song, W. J., L. H. Tang, X. D. Zhu, Y. Q. Wu, Z. B. Zhu, and S. Koyama (2010). Effect of Coal Ash Composition on Ash Fusion Temperatures. Energy & Fuels, 24(1); 182–189
Speight, J. G. (2015). Handbook of Coal Analysis. John Wiley & Sons
Spokas, K. A. (2010). Review of the Stability of Biochar in Soils: Predictability of O:C Molar Ratios. Carbon Management, 1(2); 289–303
Spokas, K. A. (2013). Impact of Biochar Field Aging on Laboratory Greenhouse Gas Production Potentials. Gcb Bioenergy, 5(2); 165–176
Spokas, K. A. and D. C. Reicosky (2009). Impacts of Sixteen Different Biochars on Soil Greenhouse Gas Production. Annals of Environmental Science
Steiner, C., K. Das, N. Melear, and D. Lakly (2010). Reducing Nitrogen Loss During Poultry Litter Composting Using Biochar. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(4); 1236–1242
Stella Mary, G., P. Sugumaran, S. Niveditha, B. Ramalakshmi, P. Ravichandran, and S. Seshadri (2016). Production, Characterization and Evaluation of Biochar from pod (Pisum sativum), leaf (Brassica oleracea) and peel (Citrus sinensis) Wastes. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 5(1); 43–53
Verheijen, F., S. Jeffery, A. Bastos, M. Van der Velde, and I. Diafas (2010). Biochar Application to Soils. A Critical Scientific Review of Effects on Soil Properties, Processes, and Functions. EUR, 24099; 162
Wang, B., J. Lehmann, K. Hanley, R. Hestrin, and A. Enders (2016). Ammonium Retention by Oxidized Biochars Produced at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures and Residence Times. RSC Advances, 6(48); 41907–41913
Werther, J., M. Saenger, E.-U. Hartge, T. Ogada, and Z. Siagi (2000). Combustion of Agricultural Residues. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 26(1); 1–27
Willson, T. C., E. A. Paul, and R. R. Harwood (2001). Biologically Active Soil Organic Matter Fractions in Sustainable Cropping Systems. Applied Soil Ecology, 16(1); 63–76
Winter, J., R. Hilpert, and H. Schmitz (1992). Treatment of Animal Manure and Wastes for Ultimate Disposal-Review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 5(2); 199–215
Xie, T., B. Y. Sadasivam, K. R. Reddy, C. Wang, and K. Spokas (2016). Review of the Effects of Biochar Amendment on Soil Properties and Carbon Sequestration. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 20(1); 04015013
Yan, X., J. Zheng, Y. Han, J. Liu, and J. Sun (2017). Effect of Influent C/N Ratio on N2O Emissions from Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic Biological Nitrogen Removal Processes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(30); 23714–23724
Yao, X., K. Xu, F. Yan, and Y. Liang (2017). The Influence of Ashing Temperature on Ash Fouling and Slagging Characteristics During Combustion of Biomass Fuels. BioResources, 12(1); 1593-1610
Zhao, L., X. Cao, O. Ma?sek, and A. Zimmerman (2013). Heterogeneity of Biochar Properties as a Function of Feedstock Sources and Production Temperatures. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 256; 1–9
Authors
Gunamantha, M., Parwata, I. P., Widana, I. G. A. B. ., & Oviantari, M. V. (2022). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Livestock Manure and its Biochar as a Solid Fuel and Soil Amendment. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 6(4), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2022.6.4.119-129
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